This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. Primary Source 10. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Publius Cornelius Rufinus, one of Sulla's ancestors and also the last member of his family to be consul, was banished from the Senate after having been caught possessing more than 10 pounds of silver plate. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. J. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. Published by at 29, 2022. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. Finding Primary Sources for Teachers and Students Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. Sulla and the proscriptions - Jerry Fielden 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. 719-549-2333. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. Sulla - in ancient sources @ attalus.org Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. . Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. 82 BC. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . Primary Sources: Definition and Examples | Grammarly The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. Types of Sources and Where to Find Them: Primary Sources There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. Sulla then duly besieged the city. Primary Sources - Research Guides at New York University Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. [17] After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. Primary Sources Sallust. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History - Fordham University Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. Biographies of historical and famous people. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. The Pros and Cons of Teaching with Primary Sources - ProQuest National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . A Timeline of the Wars of Marius and Sulla | History Hit After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. Updated on October 07, 2019. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. Wikipedia entry. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. Primary Sources - An Introductory Guide - Seton Hall University Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. The Late Republic - Clarkson [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Primary Sources on Copyright - Record Viewer Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. [citation needed]. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. Primary sources - How to find resources by format - Research Guides at On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. Collections Online | British Museum "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . He can hardly have been in any doubt. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia.

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